![]() ![]() These groups make up over three-quarters of those living with HBV ( Figure 1.3). The priority populations affected by CHB in Australia include those born in endemic areas overseas (particularly the Asia-Pacific region) ( Figure 1.2), Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people who inject drugs (PWID), and men who have sex with men (MSM). In 2020, an estimated 222,559 Australians (about 0.9% of the population) were living with CHB ( 11). Prevalence and total infections represent beginning of year values (i.e. 2020-2030 data are forecast in the PRoGReSs assuming constant diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxes in the future. This animation shows modeled outputs from the PRoGReSs model using country/territory-level empirical data (where available) from 2016 through 2019. Early diagnosis and appropriate management for those living with HBV are essential for addressing the increasing morbidity and mortality associated with CHB.įigure 1.1 Geographical distribution of hepatitis B virus ( 7) Although most countries have now implemented universal infant vaccination ( 6), the long delay between initial infection and the onset of complications, and the large number of existing chronic infections, mean that the burden of disease attributable to CHB will remain high for several decades. This is why most people currently living with CHB in Australia acquired infection early in life (as is the case globally), and why universal infant vaccination is crucial for HBV control across populations. About 90% of infants with the infection progressing to chronic infection, compared with only 5% of immunocompetent adults ( 5) (see: Natural History of hepatitis B virus infection). The epidemiology of CHB is predominantly determined by the age at exposure. HBV infection is not transmitted through sharing food or casual contact. HBV is transmitted through blood or infected bodily fluids for example, by mother-to-child transmission, sexual contact or percutaneous exposures ( 5). Liver cancer, of which HBV is the leading cause, is the fourth most common cause of cancer death worldwide, making hepatitis B the second most important known human carcinogen after tobacco ( 3, 4) The Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that HBV infection was responsible for 815,100 deaths in 2016 ( 3).Īlthough the prevalence of CHB varies significantly by country, the majority of people in the world live in an area endemic for hepatitis B (considered as over 2% prevalence, see Figure 1.1). Around 296 million people are estimated to be living with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) ( 1, 2), and CHB causes liver-related death in up to one-quarter of people with the disease ( 1). The global burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is profound. ![]()
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